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Tag: user adoption

What will move the blockchain to the masses? A trillion dollar question.

What will move the blockchain to the masses is the trillion dollar question. 

Are we waiting for better blockchain technology or better application of the technology? 

It depends who you ask. 

Most blockchain technologists (those working on protocol, Layer 1 and Layer 2 levels) will probably tell you that better blockchain technology is on the way, because that’s what they are working on.

Applications developers are more pragmatic, as they are more interested in applying blockchain technology, but they have to work with what is handed to them from the Layer 1 and 2 front lines. 

Truth is, few technology visionaries have enough business vision of the kind that would seek to disrupt existing business models. They only have a vague idea and make assumptions about what the technology could enable. 

I recently tweeted this related thought:

https://twitter.com/wmougayar/status/1147156746886090752

That brings us to wonder when will blockchain reach the masses? 

Fred Wilson believes that “the primary inhibitor to (this) business model innovation is that it requires users to own crypto-assets and store them in a wallet somewhere and be comfortable using them to access decentralized apps.” 

But I don’t think that friendly wallets are the only key thing that is holding users from switching to crypto-based apps, even if we give them to carrot of getting rewarded for their time or efforts. Steemit had a very easy to use built-in wallet that came automatically by signing-up, yet its usage plateaued (for a variety of reasons). 

Certainly, more user-friendly experiences via compelling User Interfaces are a necessary, but not sufficient condition. From an “incentive to move” point of view, here are 5 primary (strategic) factors that are in play:

  1. The benefits of owning one’s data
  2. Being rewarded for time/value provided online
  3. The promise of better governance
  4. Something totally new we couldn’t do before
  5. Being forced to use crypto

Owning Your Own Data

Individual self-sovereignty is a blockchain promise and one of its best value propositions. Whether it’s about owning the keys to your own wallet (hence being your own bank), having absolute control of your own data (and how it is used by others), or tightening the screws on overall privacy of your online presence and actions, most users would opt for self-control. Unfortunately, the self-managed solutions are not that elegant yet, nor that easy to use.

Being Rewarded in Tokens

I’ve written a lot about how users can now be rewarded with tokens, for a variety of work they are doing, or data they are providing, and arguably it could be the future of (online) work, as we know it. Steemit is the poster child for that model, and other cryptocurrencies such as Kin also enable similar capabilities for a variety of popular apps. I believe we are still scratching the surface on what’s possible in this area.

Promise of Better Governance

Decentralization is a core blockchain theme. A related promise that is lurking on the horizon is decentralized (operations) governance, enabled by blockchain technology. Currently, many central actors have a lot of flaws. As they become big and powerful, companies start to be perceived as being unfair, corrupt, untrustworthy, evil, abusive, inefficient, expensive, or plain useless. These shortcomings could be remedied by a more evenly measured (decentralized) form of governance about their policies and operating principles. Again, more promise than reality at this point, but so goes the theory. 

The New New

On the novelty scale, nothing beats seeing the birth of something that didn’t exist before. It is hoped that the blockchain will give us many such novelties, and one of them is the advent of non-fungible assets, popularized by CryptoKitties, the quintessential game that pioneered this concept. CryptoKitties, and other native crypto-based assets have no physical (or online) world equivalent. They are totally germaine to blockchains, enabled by the unique capability of mitigating the double-transfer problem: being able to transfer a unique digital asset from one user to another at the same time as transferring its unique ownership, unlike transferring a photo from my smartphone and still owning it, after the recipient receives it.

Do or Else 

Giving narrow choices to users is a common tactic that is practiced by large companies that boast a captive user base. The scenario looks like this: a default cryptocurrency is embedded into a given app, and it becomes the only choice for users. A primary example will be the Libra currency when it suddenly appears inside WhatsApp, Instagram or Facebook streams. Its utility will be instant, and users will be almost “forced” to use it in order to unlock what it offers. 

Regardless of which one of the above conditions hits them first, and the ones they choose to pursue, for users, the incentive to move will depend on their psychological predisposition to change: People are risk-averse in the domain of gains, and they are risk-seeking in the domain of losses. 

That statement is based on the Prospect Theory that was first developed by Daniel Kahneman (who later won a Nobel Prize in Economics for this specific work), and Amos Tversky in their 1979 seminal paper, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”

In order to edge towards mass adoption of blockchain technology, let’s keep asking how can the blockchain answer fundamental (pain) questions such as:

  • What are we missing out on? (eg. lower transaction fees)
  • What are the pains? (eg. difficult money transfers)
  • What are the threats? (eg. someone taking/misusing our data)
  • What are the risks? (eg. not being rewarded for time we spend online)
  • Where are we most vulnerable? (eg. missing out on income)

And just like the Web’s progression, it will be a gradual, step-wise process. There is no blockchain silver bullet, but nothing will happen without easier user experiences. 

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Maximizing User Adoption by Understanding Behavioral Economics for Startups

gains-lossI recently attended a seminar on high stakes negotiations run by Kellogg School of Management Professor Victoria Medvec, and this sentence profoundly resonated with me:

“People tend to be risk seeking in the domain of losses and risk-averse in the domain of gains”.

There is a lot of meaning in that sentence, because of its precise applicability to the world of startups.

As it turned out, the origin of this statement lies within the Prospect Theory that was first developed by Daniel Kahneman (who later won a Nobel Prize in Economics for this specific work), and Amos Tversky in their 1979 seminal paper, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”.

Prospect theory is a behavioral economic theory that describes the way people choose between alternatives that involve risk, where the probabilities of outcomes are known. The theory states that people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome, and that people evaluate these losses and gains using simple rules (that may not be perfect). At the heart of this theory, the concept of “loss aversion” is important, as it refers to people’s tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Most studies suggest that losses are twice as powerful, psychologically, as gains, as a factor for moving people from their status quo.

The way this relates to startups with a new product is staggering, because success really depends on user adoption, and there are always risks involved when startups introduce their products to the market, as seen from a user perspective.

Most startups have figured out how to develop innovative products, but when some of them fail, it’s likely in the “go to market” approaches they choose, i.e how they attempt to get users interested in trying their products, or in switching from some other products or habits they are currently with.

Common startup mistakes include thinking that users and customers will move to your product because it is better, newer, faster, smarter or cheaper than what they are currently using. The thinking goes like this, and I’ve heard this numerous times in pitches or discussions: “they (prospect) are already using this (inferior) system, or are set with this (unproductive) habit, so if we show them how our product can improve what they are doing, it is a no-brainer for them to switch or start using our product.”

Wrong thinking.

What these assumptions have failed to realize is that these prospects are risk-averse, i.e. their default position is to not change what they are doing, because you are talking to them about some (theoretical or potential) gain which they only see as being a marginal reward when compared to the efforts and pains it would take them to move from their current situation.

However, if you went after a segment of prospects that currently doesn’t have a solution, or isn’t using something, or is currently incurring losses, they will be more inclined to try your product, because they are already suffering, or being disadvantaged. So, they are the risk-seekers, and they will be more open to trying something new.

This applies to consumer (B2C) and enterprise-related products (SaaS/B2B) equally well. It even applies more for blockchain-based solutions who are assaulting the existing banking systems with promises of “better, faster, trustless, intermediary-less” options. That’s why some of the trials and proofs of concepts that are being incubated in new areas have a better chance of succeeding initially because you’re not moving people from existing systems (risk-aversion), and rather showing them something new that didn’t exist before (risk-seeking).

In a nutshell, risk averse prospects will push-back on your pitches, whereas it’s easier to pull risk seeking prospects to try your products.

Of course, if you spend enough energy and analysis on justifying change to risk averse prospects, by using proposals based on ROI, profit improvement or cost reduction, you could move them to change, but a significant amount of time will be spent doing that, and that’s a killer for startups who need to show some quick adoption gains first.

Another common mistake by startups is when they are seemingly successful with an initial group of users, also known as “early adopters”, but then, they hit a wall, and can’t grow past it. That’s because these early adopters were risk seekers, but more importantly they were actually advanced users with unique problems that the rest of the market didn’t have, i.e. the market was risk averse. So, as a startup, you want to ask yourself whether your early adopters are really the tip of a big market, or if they are a patch of their own.

Putting Prospect Theory into Practice

So, how do you apply this, if you are a startup?

Break-up the different parts of your product according to the various features they provide, and label each usage case as either going after a risk aversion or risk seeking behavior. Ask yourself: is this feature or capability in the domain of risk aversion or risk seeking? For example, your product might allow users to search for something unique, and users will try it but when you ask them to do more with it, there might be risk aversion to it, and user adoption will stall. So, a lesson here is to make the key behavior you want as appealing as possible to risk-seeking users. Don’t hide it beneath other usages, because your spikes in adoption will be followed by rapid drop-offs in further engagements by risk aversive barriers.

On your website and sales communications, highlight loss words, such as competitive threat, exposure, risk, vulnerability, missing out, when you want to move your prospects off the status quo. Remind them of what they are “missing out” on, versus what they could be gaining.

In summary, anyone with a new product/service faces the challenge of user adoption from the minute they have something available to show the market. Numerous theories and best practices exist to guide you through the various tactics and strategies for getting users to adopt your product, but understanding prospect theory is critical in figuring out the initial target segments to go after, so you don’t spin your wheels with the wrong ones.

As a startup, I urge you to memorize this sentence and understand its meaning:

Prospects are risk seeking in the domain of losses, and risk-averse in the domain of gains.

Find your risk seeking segments of users (and there could be several of them), and you will get easier adoptions for your product.]]>

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